Common Cryptographic Protocols
Several cryptographic protocols are widely used in securing digital communications. Each serves specific purposes and incorporates cryptographic primitives to meet its goals.
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Transport Layer Security (TLS): TLS ensures secure communication over networks, particularly the internet. It is commonly used in web browsers to establish HTTPS connections. TLS provides:
- Encryption for confidentiality.
- Message authentication codes (MACs) for data integrity.
- Certificates for server and optional client authentication.
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Secure Shell (SSH): SSH enables secure remote login and data transfer over an unsecured network. It uses public-key cryptography for authentication and symmetric encryption for data confidentiality during the session.
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IPsec (Internet Protocol Security): IPsec secures internet communications at the IP layer by encrypting and authenticating each packet in a data stream. It is often used in Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) to establish secure connections between devices.
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Pretty Good Privacy (PGP): PGP provides encryption and signing of emails and files, ensuring confidentiality and authenticity. It uses a combination of public-key and symmetric cryptography.
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Kerberos: A network authentication protocol designed to provide secure identity verification for users and services within an untrusted network. It relies on secret-key cryptography and a trusted third party (Key Distribution Center).
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SSL/TLS-based VPNs: Virtual Private Networks using SSL/TLS protocols secure data exchanges between devices, often in remote work environments.